Shell基本变量: $PS1:
[root@rcc-pok-idg-2305 ~]# echo $PS1 [/u@/h /W]/$
/u is replaced by the username,
/h is replaced by the system's hostname,
/W is replaced by the unqualified path (or basename) of the current working directory
/$ is replaced by a $ character. (Unless you are root, in which case /$ is replaced by #.)
PATH :
contains a list of all the directories that hold commands or other programs you are likely to execute.
如果需要添加PATH可以通过执行:PATH=$PATH:/opt/***
Linux export命令:
功能说明:设置或显示环境变量。 语 法:export [-fnp][变量名称]=[变量设置值] 补充说明:在shell中执行程序时,shell会提供一组环境变量。export可新增,修改或删除环境变量,供后续执行的程序使用。export的效力仅及于该此登陆操作。 参 数: -f 代表[变量名称]中为函数名称。 -n 删除指定的变量。变量实际上并未删除,只是不会输出到后续指令的执行环境中。 -p 列出所有的shell赋予程序的环境变量。
一个变量创建时,它不会自动 地为在它之后创建的shell进程所知。而命令export可以向后面的shell传递变量的值。当一个shell脚本调用并执行时,它不会自动得到原为 脚本(调用者)里定义的变量的访问权,除非这些变量已经被显式地设置为可用。export命令可以用于传递一个或多个变量的值到任何后继脚本。 ----《UNIX教程》
Commands issued to the shell on a Linux system generally consist of four components:
A valid command (a shell built-in, program, or script found among directories listed in the PATH , or an explicitly defined program)
Command options, usually preceded by a dash
Arguments
Line acceptance (i.e., pressing the Enter key), which we assume in the examples
一次输入多个命令:使用;隔开 [root@netxc185 ~]# ls ;ps anaconda-ks.cfg domain.xml ri.log BLData install.log tunctl-1.5 client-config-overrides-rtp.txt install.log.syslog tunctl-1.5.tar.gz client_config_update.py InstallShield Desktop origyumfiles PID TTY TIME CMD 20017 pts/3 00:00:00 bash 22211 pts/3 00:00:00 ps [root@netxc185 ~]# echo $HISTSIZE 1000
Designator
Description
!!
Spoken as bang-bang , this command refers to the most recent command. The exclamation point is often called bang on Linux and Unix systems.
! n
Refer to command n from the history. Use the history command to display these numbers.
!- n
Refer to the current command minus n from the history.
! string
Refer to the most recent command starting with string .
!? string
Refer to the most recent command containing string .
^ string1 ^ string2
Quick substitution . Repeat the last command, replacing the first occurrence of string1 with string2 .
History命令的十五中用法:zz: 使用 HISTTIMEFORMAT 显示时间戳当你从命令行执行 history 命令后,通常只会显示已执行命令的序号和命令本身。如果你想要查看命令历史的时间戳,那么可以执行: # export HISTTIMEFORMAT='%F %T ' # history | more 1 2008-08-05 19:02:39 service network restart 2 2008-08-05 19:02:39 exit 3 2008-08-05 19:02:39 id 4 2008-08-05 19:02:39 cat /etc/redhat-release
使用 Ctrl+R 搜索历史Ctrl+R 是我经常使用的一个快捷键。此快捷键让你对命令历史进行搜索,对于想要重复执行某个命令的时候非常有用。当找到命令后,通常再按回车键就可以执行该命令。如果想对找到的命令进行调整后再执行,则可以按一下左或右方向键。 # [Press Ctrl+R from the command prompt, which will display the reverse-i-search prompt] (reverse-i-search)`red‘: cat /etc/redhat-release [Note: Press enter when you see your command, which will execute the command from the history] # cat /etc/redhat-release Fedora release 9 (Sulphur)
快速重复执行上一条命令有 4 种方法可以重复执行上一条命令:
使用上方向键,并回车执行。按 !! 并回车执行。输入 !-1 并回车执行。按 Ctrl+P 并回车执行。 从命令历史中执行一个指定的命令在下面的例子中,如果你想重复执行第 4 条命令,那么可以执行 !4: # history | more 1 service network restart 2 exit 3 id 4 cat /etc/redhat-release # !4 cat /etc/redhat-release Fedora release 9 (Sulphur)
通过指定关键字来执行以前的命令在下面的例子,输入 !ps 并回车,将执行以 ps 打头的命令: # !ps ps aux | grep yp root 16947 0.0 0.1 36516 1264 ? Sl 13:10 0:00 ypbind root 17503 0.0 0.0 4124 740 pts/0 S+ 19:19 0:00 grep yp
使用 HISTSIZE 控制历史命令记录的总行数将下面两行内容追加到 .bash_profile 文件并重新登录 bash shell,命令历史的记录数将变成 450 条: # vi ~/.bash_profile HISTSIZE=450 HISTFILESIZE=450
使用 HISTFILE 更改历史文件名称默认情况下,命令历史存储在 ~/.bash_history 文件中。添加下列内容到 .bash_profile 文件并重新登录 bash shell,将使用 .commandline_warrior 来存储命令历史: # vi ~/.bash_profile HISTFILE=/root/.commandline_warrior
使用 HISTCONTROL 从命令历史中剔除连续重复的条目在下面的例子中,pwd 命令被连续执行了三次。执行 history 后你会看到三条重复的条目。要剔除这些重复的条目,你可以将 HISTCONTROL 设置为 ignoredups: # pwd # pwd # pwd # history | tail -4 44 pwd 45 pwd 46 pwd [Note that there are three pwd commands in history, after executing pwd 3 times as shown above] 47 history | tail -4 # export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups # pwd # pwd # pwd # history | tail -3 56 export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups 57 pwd [Note that there is only one pwd command in the history, even after executing pwd 3 times as shown above] 58 history | tail -4
使用 HISTCONTROL 清除整个命令历史中的重复条目上例中的 ignoredups 只能剔除连续的重复条目。要清除整个命令历史中的重复条目,可以将 HISTCONTROL 设置成 erasedups: # export HISTCONTROL=erasedups # pwd # service httpd stop # history | tail -3 38 pwd 39 service httpd stop 40 history | tail -3 # ls -ltr # service httpd stop # history | tail -6 35 export HISTCONTROL=erasedups 36 pwd 37 history | tail -3 38 ls -ltr 39 service httpd stop [Note that the previous service httpd stop after pwd got erased] 40 history | tail -6
使用 HISTCONTROL 强制 history 不记住特定的命令将 HISTCONTROL 设置为 ignorespace,并在不想被记住的命令前面输入一个空格:
# export HISTCONTROL=ignorespace # ls -ltr # pwd # service httpd stop [Note that there is a space at the beginning of service, to ignore this command from history] # history | tail -3 67 ls -ltr 68 pwd 69 history | tail -3 使用 -c 选项清除所有的命令历史如果你想清除所有的命令历史,可以执行:
# history -c
命令替换在下面的例子里,!!:$ 将为当前的命令获得上一条命令的参数: # ls anaconda-ks.cfg anaconda-ks.cfg # vi !!:$ vi anaconda-ks.cfg
下例中,!^ 从上一条命令获得第一项参数: # cp anaconda-ks.cfg anaconda-ks.cfg.bak anaconda-ks.cfg # vi -5 !^ vi anaconda-ks.cfg
为特定的命令替换指定的参数在下面的例子,!cp:2 从命令历史中搜索以 cp 开头的命令,并获取它的第二项参数: # cp ~/longname.txt /really/a/very/long/path/long-filename.txt # ls -l !cp:2 ls -l /really/a/very/long/path/long-filename.txt
下例里,!cp:$ 获取 cp 命令的最后一项参数: # ls -l !cp:$ ls -l /really/a/very/long/path/long-filename.txt
使用 HISTSIZE 禁用 history如果你想禁用 history,可以将 HISTSIZE 设置为 0: # export HISTSIZE=0 # history # [Note that history did not display anything]
使用 HISTIGNORE 忽略历史中的特定命令下面的例子,将忽略 pwd、ls、ls -ltr 等命令: # export HISTIGNORE=”pwd:ls:ls -ltr:” # pwd # ls # ls -ltr # service httpd stop # history | tail -3 79 export HISTIGNORE=”pwd:ls:ls -ltr:” 80 service httpd stop 81 history [Note that history did not record pwd, ls and ls -ltr]