转自:http://www.cnblogs.com/known/archive/2010/09/04/1818231.html
前面提到的操作函数和语句块是传统的面向过程编程,而编写大型程序,通常采用面向对象编程。类和对象是面向对象编程的两个主要方面,类创建一个新类型,而对象是类的实例。Python没有什么值类型与引用类型之分,它把所有事物统统看作是类。类使用class关键字来创建。
1. Self
类的方法与普通的函数只有一个特别的区别——它们必须有一个额外的第一个参数名称,但是在调用这个方法的时候你不为这个参数赋值,Python会提供这个值。这个特别的变量指对象本身,按照惯例它的名称是self。
你一定很奇怪Python如何给self赋值以及为何你不需要给它赋值。举一个例子会使此变得清晰。假如你有一个类称为MyClass和这个类的一个实例MyObject。当你调用这个对象的方法MyObject.method(arg1, arg2)的时候,这会由Python自动转为MyClass.method(MyObject, arg1, arg2)——这就是self的原理了。
2. 类
一个空类:
view source print ? 1class Person: 2 pass #An empty block类的使用:
view source print ? 1p = Person() 2print(p)3. 方法
类/对象可以拥有像函数一样的方法,这些方法与函数的区别只是一个额外的self变量。
view source print ? 1class Person: 2 def sayHi(self): 3 print("Hello, how are you?") 4 5p = Person() 6p.sayHi()注意调用sayHi方法时没有任何参数,但仍然在函数定义时有self。
4. __init__方法
在Python的类中有很多方法的名字有特殊的重要意义。像__init__,类似于构造函数。__init__方法在类的一个对象被建立时,马上运行。这个方法可以用来对你的对象做一些你希望的初始化 。注意,这个名称的开始和结尾都是双下划线。
view source print ? 01class Person: 02 def __init__(self, name): 03 self.name = name 04 05 def sayHi(self): 06 print("Hello, my name is", self.name) 07 08 09p = Person("known") 10p.syaHi()5. 域
Python有两种类型的域——类的变量和对象的变量,它们根据是类还是对象拥有这个变量而区分。类的变量由一个类的所有对象(实例)共享使用。只有一个类变量的拷贝,所以当某个对象对类的变量做了改动的时候,这个改动会反映到所有其他的实例上。对象的变量由类的每个对象/实例拥有。因此每个对象有自己对这个域的一份拷贝,即它们不是共享的,在同一个类的不同实例中,虽然对象的变量有相同的名称,但是是互不相关的。
view source print ? 01class Person: 02 '''Represnets a person.''' 03 population = 0 04 05 def __init__(self, name): 06 '''Initializes the person's data.''' 07 self.name = name 08 print("(Initializing %s)" % self.name) 09 10 #When this person is created, he/she adds to the population 11 Person.population += 1 12 13 def __del__(self): 14 '''I am dying.''' 15 print("%s says bye." % self.name) 16 17 Person.population -= 1 18 19 if Person.population == 0: 20 print("I am the last one.") 21 else: 22 print("There are still %d people left." % Person.population) 23 24 def sayHi(self): 25 '''Greeting by the person. 26 Really, that's all it does.''' 27 print("Hi, my name is %s." % self.name) 28 29 def howMany(self): 30 '''Prints the current population.''' 31 if Person.population == 1: 32 print("I am the only person here.") 33 else: 34 print("We have %d person here." % Person.population) 35 36 37swaroop = Person('Swaroop') 38swaroop.sayHi() 39swaroop.howMany() 40 41kalam = Person('Abdul Kalam') 42kalam.sayHi() 43kalam.howMany() 44 45swaroop.sayHi() 46swaroop.howMany() 47 48del kalam 49del swaroop运行结果:
(Initializing Swaroop)Hi, my name is Swaroop.I am the only person here.(Initializing Abdul Kalam)Hi, my name is Abdul Kalam.We have 2 persons here.Hi, my name is Swaroop.We have 2 persons here.Abdul Kalam says bye.There are still 1 people left.Swaroop says bye.I am the last one.
6. 继承
在类名后面跟一对圆括号,基类名写在圆括号内。
view source print ? 01class SchoolMember: 02 '''Represents any school member.''' 03 def __init__(self, name, age): 04 self.name = name 05 self.age = age 06 print("(Initialized SchoolMember: %s)" % self.name) 07 08 def tell(self): 09 '''Tell my details.''' 10 print("Name:'%s' Age:'%s'" % (self.name, self.age)) 11 12class Teacher(SchoolMember): 13 '''Represents a teacher.''' 14 def __init__(self, name, age, salary): 15 SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age) 16 self.salary = salary 17 print("(Initialized Teacher: %s)" % self.name) 18 19 def tell(self): 20 SchoolMember.tell(self) 21 print("Salary: '%d'" % self.salary) 22 23class Student(SchoolMember): 24 '''Represents a student.''' 25 def __init__(self, name, age, marks): 26 SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age) 27 self.marks = marks 28 print("(Initialized Student: %s)" % self.name) 29 30 def tell(self): 31 SchoolMember.tell(self) 32 print("Marks: '%d'" % self.marks) 33 34 35t = Teacher("Mrs. Shrividya", 40, 30000) 36s = Student("Swaroop", 22, 75) 37 38print() # prints a blank line 39 40members = [t, s] 41for member in members: 42 member.tell() # works for both Teachers and Students输出结果:
(Initialized SchoolMember: Mrs. Shrividya)(Initialized Teacher: Mrs. Shrividya)(Initialized SchoolMember: Swaroop)(Initialized Student: Swaroop)
Name:'Mrs. Shrividya' Age:'40' Salary: '30000'Name:'Swaroop' Age:'22' Marks: '75'